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AN 6/y 

ILLUSTRATED SYNOPSIS 

OF 

NORMAL HISTOLOGY: 

ADAPTED TO THE COURSE OF PRACTICAL INSTRUCTION 

IN THE 

UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
BY 

/ 

GEORGE A. PIERSOL, M. D., 

DEMONSTRATOR OF NORMAL HISTOLOGY. 

ILLUSTRATED WITH FORTY PLATES. 




APR t I885II/ 

PHILADELPHIA: 

P. BLAKISTON, SON & CO. 

1^885. 



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COPYRIGHT, 1884, 

By George A. Piersol. 
All rights reserved. 



iNJPi^ODUGTOi^Y Rote. 



To facilitate the laboratory instruction, during the past year 
the classes have been provided with photographic copies, some- 
what reduced, of a series of drawings selected from the author's 
port-folio. For evident reasons, these were "blue-prints", which, 
while answering the desired purpose, do not, however, preserve 
satisfactorily the more delicate detail of the original plates. 

In response to the request for the series in a more accept- 
able form, the present silver-prints, with the accompanying 
descriptive text, have been prepared. A number of Photo- 
micrographs have been added. In accordance with the primary 
object of the series, no pretense to completeness is made. 

GEORGE A. PIERSOL. 
December, 1884. 



lilST OP gLAJPES. 



Blood:- Colorless corpuscles, I. 

Blood:- Colored corpuscles, II. 

Varieties of Epithelium, III. 

Endothelial Surfaces, IV. 

Connective Tissue, .......... V. 

Cells and Spaces of Connective Tissue, Photo- Micrographs, . VI. 

Dense Connective Tissue, VII. 

Varieties of Cartilage, VIII. 

Mature and Developing Bone, IX. 

Developing Bone, Photo-Micrograph, ...... X. 

Varieties of Muscle, Photo-Micrographs, XL 

Varieties of Muscle, Photo-Micrographs, ..... XII. 

Nerve Fibres, XIII. 

Nerve and Artery, Photo-Micrographs , , XIV. 

Blood Vessels, XV. 

Adult and Embryonal Teeth, Photo-Micrographs , .... XVI. 
Developing Tooth, and Tongue, Photo-Micrographs , . . XVII. 

Tne (Esophagus and Thyroid Body, Photo- Micrographs, . . XVIII. 

The Stomach, XIX. 

The Stomach, Salivary Glands, and Pancreas, .... XX. 
Injected Stomach, and Small Intestine, Photo-Micrographs, . . XXI. 

The Intestines, XXII. 

The Liver, XXIII. 

Diagram of the Kidney, XXIV. 

The Kidney, XXV. 

Injected Kidney and Prostate Gland, Photo-Micrographs, . . XXVI. 

Male Reproductive Organs, XXVII. 

Female Reproductive Organs, ....... XXVIII. 

Female Reproductive Organs, Photo- Micrographs, . . . XXIX. 

The Spinal Cord, XXX. 

The Brain:- Cerebrum and Cerebellum, ..... XXXI. 

The Brain:- Cerebellum, Photo- Micrograph, .... XXXII. 

Lymphatic Tissues and Vessels, ...... XXXIII. 

The Spleen, Lymphatic Glands, and Suprarenal Body, . . XXXIV. 
The Respiratory Organs, ........ XXXV. 

Injected Lung and Scalp, Photo- Micrographs, .... XXX VI. 

The Skin, • . . . . XXXVII. 

The Eye:- Lid and Corneal Spaces, Photo-Micrographs, . XXXVIII. 
The Eye:- Optic Nerve, Photo-Micrographs, .... XXXIX. 
The Eye:- Various parts, Photo- Micrographs, ..... XL. 



PLATE I. 
COLORLESS BLOOD CORPUSCLES. 



Fig. I. The Typical Cell — as represented by the fully matured ovum. 
{Diagi-amatic .') a, cell- wall — the vitelline membrane; b, cell- contents — the yolk; 
c, nucleus, enclosed by a distinct nuclear-membrane, — the germinal vesicle; 
(f, nucleolus — the germinal spot. 

Fig. 2. Colorless blood corpuscles of frog; X 900. a, cell in condition of 
absolute rest; b-J, as usually observed, Q-xhibiting amoeboid jnovements. In these 
cells, cell-contents and nucleus alone are present — these being the only really 
essential parts of the cell. 

Fig. 3. Active white blood cell of frog; X 450. The figures accurately por- 
tray the actual changes observed in a corpuscle, on the warm-stage, within 
forty minutes. At ^^ and//, anew cell has just been given off by direct division 
on the part of the parent cell. 

Fig. 4. Diagram representing the intimate structure of living matter as 
held by Heitzmann, Klein, and others; the intrdcellular netuuoj^ks being 
shown. 

Fig. 5. White blood cell treated with zc^^/t'r; X 900. The cell increases in 
size; granular cell-contents clears up, and the contained particles exhibit 
the Brownian movement. 

Fig. 6. White blood cell after the addition of acetic acid; X 900. Cell- 
contents has entirely cleared up, revealing the multiple nuclei. 

Fig. 7. White blood cells treated with aniline-red; X Qoo. Nuclei deeply 
stained, while the cell-contents is but slightly tinged. 



SYNOPSIS OF HISTOLOGY;- PIERSOL. 



Plate I. 




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COLORLESS BLOOD CORPUSCLES. 



PLATE II. 
RED BLOOD CORPUSCLES. 



{^Figures diagramatic.^ 

Fig. I. Corpuscle of man. ^, front view; h, profile view. Type of mam- 
malian, non-nucleated, red blood corpuscles. 

Fig. 2. Corpuscle of frog. <'^ and <^, front and profile views. Type of the 
nucleated red cells. 

Figs. 3, 4. Effect of the addition oi saline solutions, a, after weak solutions, 
resulting in the '' crenated " form; b, more marked distortion; r, fully shrunken 
cells, after the action of concentrated brine. 

Figs. 5, 6. After water. Coloring matter extracted, the corpuscles becoming 
bleached, and almost invisible — "ghosts." At the same time, the cell be- 
comes somewhat larger, and spherical instead of discoidal. The nuclei, in the 
frog's blood, become more prominent. 

Figs. 7, 8. After acetic acid. The cells become almost invisible, being com- 
pletely bleached, as well as spherical; the nuclei, when present, become more 
apparent. If aniline-red be now added, faint rosy rings indicate the outlines 
of the cells, the nuclei, in frog's blood, staining deeply. 

Fig. 9. Human corpuscle after tannic acid — y^ p. c. solution. Hemoglobin 
coagulated on the exterior of the cell as it escapes from the stroma. 

Fig. 10. Similar cell treated with 25 p. c. solution oi potassium bichromate, 
causing the appearance of pseudo nucleus and cell-wall. 

Figs. II, 12. Changes noted in human corpuscles on being sealed 24 hours. 

Fig. 13. Minute particles found normally in blood, the exact significance 
and nature of which are still undetermined. 

Fig. 14. The delicate fibrin filaments, seen in preparations after standing. 

Fig. 15. Hsemin crystals from man. a, b, usual forms. Brown in color, 
and varying in size, according to rapidity of their production. These crystals 
show simply the presence of blood, having no value in differentiating the 
particular kind from which they were obtained. 



SYNOPSIS OF HISTOLOGY:- PIEHSOL. 



Plate II. 



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RED BLOOD CORPUSCLES. 



PLATE III. 
VARIETIES OF EPITHELIUM. 



[Figm-es diagramatic.') 



Fig. I. Superficial squamous cells, from the mouth, a, profile view of a cell. 
Cells often covered with forms of bacteria, and usually contain oil drops. 
h, a " salivary corpuscle " — probably a leucocyte swollen by fluid of low S. G., 
and now exhibiting the Brownian movement, similar to the reaction with water. 

Fig. 2. Simple squamous (pavement) epithelium, skin of frog. 

Fig. 3. Simple columnar epithelium, a, profile view of cells; the protoplasm 
of one of which has undergone mucoid change, resulting in the formation of 
a "goblet'' cell, b, surface view of same cells. 

Fig. 4. Stratified squamous, a, basement membrane, upon which the young 
cells rest, these latter being low-columnar; passing towards the free-surface, 
their shape gradually is modified, the long axes of the cells lying, finally, 
generally parallel to the surface of the mucous membrane. Outer cells scaly. 

Fig. 5. Stratified columnar, from trachea. Superficial cells here are ciliated. 

Fig. 6. "Transitional" epithelium, as found in the bladder. 

Fig. 7. ''Prickle" cells, from the middle layers of stratified squamous 
epithelium — especially well seen in the pathological epithelial formations. 

Fig. 8. Types of columnar cells, a, from a simple, b, c, from a stratified 
epithelial structure. 

Fig. 9. " Goblet " cells; protoplasm replaced by mucoid substance, and 
nucleus crowded to one end. a, as seen in the cat's intestine; b, from the 
oesophagus of the frog. 

Fig. 10. Ciliated cells, pharynx of frog. 

Fig. II. Pigmented cells, of retina. The entire cell occupied with small 
particles of melanin, the nuclei, however, remain almost uninvaded. 



SYNOPSIS OF HISTOLOGY;- PIERSOL. 



Plate III. 




9. <2.-r? ^c- I. 



VARIETIES OF EPITHELIUM. 



PLATE IV. 



ENDOTHELIAL SURFACES. 



Fig. I. Cells from the peritoneal surface of the diaphragm of rabbit; 
X 350. In all the figures of this plate, the intercellular cement substance has 
been stained with silver nitrate, thus sharply mapping out the cells. A few 
nuclei are visible — unless the tissue be fresh, and the staining intense, these, 
ordinarily, are distinguished with difficulty. 

Fig. 2. Cells lining a small blood-vessel, omentum of rabbit; X 200. 

Fig. 3. Cells from a lymphatic-vessel, mesentery of frog; X 200. 

Fig. 4. Cells covering the trabeculse of the omentum, of rabbit; X 300. 

Fig. 5. Cells covering the peritoneal surface of the septum separating the 
peritoneal cavity from the large lymph-space in the abdomen of frog; X 300. 
At a, there exist true openings in the membrane — stomata, which are sur- 
rounded and lined by small cells. Depending upon the condition of these, 
as well as upon the general tension of the membrane, these openings appear 
patulous or closed. At/^ are seen ^ONtxdX pseudo-stomata — minute deeply stained 
areas, situated between adjacent endothelial plates. 

Figs. 6, 7. Lymphatic spaces of the cornese of frog and of kitten; X 300. 
These spaces — common to all dense connective-tissues — in the frog, contain 
each one plate-like connective-tissue cell: in those of the kitten, we find 
the wall of a single space covered by two, or more, such cells, their lines of 
juncture appearing identical with similar lines of endothelium. If, now, we 
consider the microscopic lymph-space of connective-tissue to be expanded 
into a great cavity, as that of the peritoneum, we can readily conceive that 
the few plates, sufficing for a lining in the first case, may be replaced by 
thousands of cells in the latter situation, whose outlines, by mutual pressure 
and arrangement, become polygonal, resulting in typical endothelium. 



SYNOPSIS OF HISTOLOGY;- f lERSOL. 



Plate IV. 



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ENDOTHELIAL SURFACES. 



PLATE V. 
CONNECTIVE TISSUE. 



Fig. I. Embryonal connective-tissue from the umbilical cord, of pig; X 350. 
The cellular element here predominates, being represented by numerous large 
plate-like cells. The intercellular substance is gelatinous, containing but few- 
well developed fibres. 

Fig. 2. Growing connective-tissue, of kitten; X 350. Cellular elements still 
active and numerous, with, however, a marked increase in the fibrous inter- 
cellular substance. In this tissue, all elements of connective-tissue are present. 
Cellular:- Intercellular:- 

Fixed cells, (J?) White fibrous tissue, (f ) 

IVanderini^ cells, (^) Elastic tissue, (r) 

Fig. 3. Diagram illustrating the '' ^/zV^<:/" mode of the formation of fibrous 
tissue, by the gradual modification and eventual splitting-up of the proto- 
plasm of the cells into fibres. 

Fig. 4. The '' indirect'' mode, where the fibres originate from a mass pre- 
viously deposited by the cells. 

Fig. 5. Adult connective-tissue, of cat; X 350. The cells are represented 
by little more than small nuclei, while the fibrous element has increased. 

Fig. 6. Elastic tissue from the ligamentum nuchse, of ox; X 350. A teased 
fragment, which exhibits the anastomosing fibres, and their curled free ends. 

Fig. 7. Connective-tissue cells from the cornea, of rabbit; X 500. Gold 
preparation. The cells, by their anastomosing processes, form a network of 
protoplasmic threads: the cells, with processes, lie within the lymph-spaces 
of the tissue, whose forms are, usually, irregularly stellate. 



SYNOPSIS OF HISTOLOGY:- PIERSOL. 



Plate V. 






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CONNECTIVE TISSUE. 



PLATE VI. 
CONNECTIVE TISSUE. 

Photo- Micrographs. 

Fig. I. Huge connective-tissue cells, of foetal rabbit; X 260. Logwood 
staining. While numerous quite large cells are scattered throughout the 
field, two are rendered conspicuous by their exceptional size. The processes 
of the branched corpuscle are in intimate relation to the flat cells seen 
beneath. Should portion of a process protrude between such cells, we can 
appreciate Klein's view regarding the nature of pseudo-stomata — stained 
processes of connective-tissue cells lying beneath. 

Fig. 2. Lymph-spaces of dense connective-tissue, from the cornea, of calf; 
X 200. Deeply stained silver preparation. The spaces — in which the cells 
lie — are the light-colored, irregularly stellate areas, which, by their anas- 
tomosing branches, form a system of '' juice-canals " throughout the tissue. 



SYNOPSIS OF HISTOLOGY:- PIERSOL. 



Plate VL 



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CONNECTIVE TISSUE. 

Photo- Micrographs. 



PLATE VII. 



DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE. 



Fig. I. Adult tendon from the leg, of ox; X 280. Thin section treated 
with strong aniline solution. The tissue composed of nearly parallel bun- 
dles of compact white fibrous connective-tissue, between which are seen, 
in profile, the plate-like connective-tissue (tendon) cells, adherent to the 
bundles. 

Fig. 2. Delicate tendon from the tail, of mouse; X 300- Gold preparation 
The cells consist of two, or more, wings, which are applied to adjacent 
fibrous bundles. At a, the cells, with nucleus and quadrate wings, are seen 
in surface view. Across the cells, near the line of unK)n of the wings, extends 
a very delicate fibre of elastic tissue, the latter being almost wanting in tendon. 
At l>. several bundles are shown in section, with a cell (ju) covering portion 
of the inter-fascicular space. 

Fig. 3. Young growing tendon from leg, of kitten; X 300. The cells are 
active, numerous, and possess a relatively larger amount of protoplasm. 

Fig. 4. A small tendon stained with silver, of mouse; X 275. The dark 
lines map-out the cells of the endothelial covering of the fibre. 

Fig. 5. Section of the cornea, of frog; X 315- The lymph-spaces shown, 
in profile, between the lamellse (/?) of fibrous tissue; the cells (<:) lie within. 

Fig. 6. Similar tissue viewed from the surface. The spaces previously 
appearing as clefts, are seen to form a system of communicating, irregularly 
branched channels. At b, a, are remains of cells, which silver has distorted. 



SYNOPSIS OF HISTOLOGY:- PIERSOL. 



Plate VII. 



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DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE. 



PLATE VIII. 



VARIETIES OF CARTILAGE. 



Fig. I. H3'aline cartilage from the sternum, of frog; X 200. f, t\\t peri- 
chondrium, covering the free surface, and consisting of fibrous tissue com- 
pactly arranged externally, but forming a mesh-work, with lymph channels, 
towards the cartilage, a, the matrix — upon whose varying nature, the chief 
differences of the kinds of cartilage depend — is apparently homogeneous, 
really, probably, of closely cemented fibres, d, the cartilage (connective- 
tissue) cells lying within cavities in the matrix. The young cells, beneath 
the perichondrium, are arranged parallel to the free surface, and are separat- 
ed by a small amount of the intercellular substance. The older cells, farther 
removed from the surface, are larger, and surrounded by more matrix. As 
usually seen, the protoplasm of the cells is shrunken and distorted. 

Fig. 2. Embryonal cartilage from the head, of frog; X 200. The cells are 
closely grouped, and are actively engaged in division. 

Fig. 3. Typical cartilage cell. Semi-diagramatic; X 525. The cell, with its 
prominent nucleus, fills, almost completely, the space in which it lies. 

Fig. 4. Fibrous cartilage from an intervertebral disc, of mouse; X 300. 
a, the fibrous bundles, of which the matrix is evidently composed; along 
these, at varying intervals, are disposed the cells, /', each surrounded by a 
very limited area of homogeneous, hyaline substance. 

¥\g. 5. Elastic cartilage trom the ear, of man; X 375. <?, the matrix, 
penetrated by numerous elastic fibres. Each cell is enclosed within a small 
tract, b, of hyaline substance. 

Fig. 6. Cartilage cells, of newt; X 450. Cells are connected by delicate 
processes, extending through fine canals in the matrix. This arrangement 
exists, probably, in many instances where, ordinarily, it is invisible. 

Fig. 7. Adipose tissue from omentum, of cat; X 350. As usually seen. 

Fig. 8. Growing adipose tissue from the omentum, of rabbit; X 350. 
Many connective-tissue cells, a, beginning to contain oil drops within the 
protoplasm; that of those already " fat-cells " is almost completely replaced 
by fatty matters, the nucleus and remaining protoplasm being compressed 
into a small crescentic mass, b, to one side of the cell. 



SYNOPSIS OF HISTOLOGV - PIER30L. 



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VARIETIES OF CARTILAGE. 



PLATE IX 



MATURE AND DEVELOPING BONE. 



Fig. I. Transverse section of a tarsal bone, giraffe; X 150. a, Haversian 
canals surrounded by the concentric laniellcF of the bone matrix — dense 
connective-tissue impregnated with calcareous salts. Each set constitutes a 
Haversian system; those lamellae between, and not included in these, form 
the interstitial systems. Arranged between the lamellae, are lenticular spaces. 
If, th.t lacunce; from these' radiate minute channels, r^y/zcT/zW///. These spaces, 
during life, are filled, more or less completely, by the connective-tissue 
cells — here called bone-corpuscles. The first three figures are from dried 
bone, where the spaces contain air, and, therefore, appear dark. 

Fig. 2. Longitudinal section of a similar preparation; x" 150. Haversian 
canals opened length-wise. The lamellae now appear as parallel layers. 

Fig. 3. Longitudinal section of femur, man; X 225. Higher amplification 
exhibits the canaliculi uniting adjacent lacunae. 

Fig. 4. A lacuna, with its bone-corpuscle, from a decalcified femur, dog; 
X 500. The nucleated cell fills almost completely its enclosing space. 

Fig. 5. Yellow marroA- from the femur, puppy; X 350. a, blood-vessels, 
containing a few red corpuscles, and surrounded by fat-cells. 

Fig. 6. Development of bone from cartilage, tibia of foetal lamb; X 350. 
a, the enlarged and flattened cartilage-cells, arranged in columns, b, zone 
of greatly dilated spaces, with distorted cells, the matrix becoming calcified. 
c, irregular trabeculae of calcified cartilage, covered on the surface by /, 
the osteoblasts. Farther removed, these processes are gradually absorbed, 
becoming covered and replaced by deposits of true bone, d, in w^hich are 
seen e, the primitive bone-corpuscles. 



SYNOPSIS OF HISTOLOGY:- PIERSOL. 



Plate IX. 



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MATURE AND DEVELOPING BONE. 



PLATK X. 



DEVELOPMENT OF BONE. 



Photo- Micrograph. 



Fig. I. Section of a carpal bone, foetal lamb; X 35- Hsematoxylin. The 
newly developed bone appears in the deeply colored, irregular trabeculse, 
surrounded by the tissues of the medulla. Next to the processes of calcified 
cartilage, the lighter zones of dilated spaces may be appreciated; close 
inspection shows numerous cells arranged in columns. Several large canals 
for nutrition are exposed in section. 



SYNOPSIS OF HISTOLOGY:- PIERSOL. 



Plate X. 





DEVELOPMENT OF BONE. 

Photo-Micrograph. 



PLATE XI, 



VARIETIES OF MUSCLE, 



Photo- Micrographs. 

Fig. I. Transverse section of muscle, rabbit; X 65. Carmine. The larger 
groups, separated by the septa of connective-tissue, correspond to the 
secondary fibres, each of these being composed of smaller areas — primary 
fibres, which latter are made up of ultimate fibrillce. 

Fig. 2. Muscle fibres, ox; X 490. Fresh and teased. The upper fibre 
has been broken, displaying the sarcolemma bridging across the chasm in 
the muscular substance. 

Fig. 3. A small fibre of voluntary muscle, man; X 1650. Haematoxylin. 
The high amplification exhibits conspicuously the alternate light and dark 
bands forming the striae. 

Fig. 4. Heart muscle, man; X 200. Haematoxylin. The characteristic 
branching of the fibres is seen near the centre of the field. 

Fig. 5. Involuntary muscle, intestine of rabbit; X 150. Haematoxylin. 
Several of the delicate spindle cells are lying isolated. 



EM 



SYNOPSIS OF HISTOLOGY:- PIERSOL. 



Plate XI 










<s57 



VARIETIES OF MUSCLE. 

Photo- M icrographs. 



PLATK XII 



VARIETIES OF MUSCLE. 



Photo- Microg^raphs. 



Fig. I. Voluntary muscle from the leg, frog; X 450- Alcohol and eosine. 
The alternate light and dark striae are well displayed. 

Fig. 2. Involuntary muscle from the mesentery, newt; X i6o. Picro- 
carmine. A number of the large, extended muscle-cells are seen stretching 
across the field. It is to be noted, that the cell near the centre divides 
into two prongs at its upper extremity. The prominent nuclei contain the 
partially shrunken networks. 



SYNOPSIS OF HloTOLOoY:- PIERSOL. 



Plate XII. 




PLATE XIII. 



NERVE EIBRES. 



Fig. I. Transverse section of a small nerve, ox; X 60. <2, epineurium, the 
connective-tissue binding together the bundles of nerve fibres — funiculi, 
fat, blood-vessels, etc. b, perineiuHum, the sheath of the funiculus, r, nerve 
fibres seen in transverse section, appearing as nucleated cells; these are 
held in place by the endoneurium. d, adipose tissue. 

Fig. 2. A funiculus from a similar preparation; X 180. a, tlie perineiwinm, 
composed of layers of fibrous tissue, b, nerve fibres in section, the axis- 
cylinders appearing as nuclei. /, cells of the delicate endoiieunu;n., p, ni, A 
correspond to parts described, with same letters, under the next figure. 

Fig. 3. Diagram of a meduUated nerve, a, longitudinal, b, transverse view. 
/, axis-cylinder — composed of ultimate fibrillse. ni, medullary sheath, separated 
from the former by a minute lymph-space, s. t, neurilemma, investing the 
individual fibre, n, nerve nucleus, r, node of Ranvier, medulla wanting. 

Fig. 4. As usually observed; X 450. Distortions from the post-mortem 
changes in the medullary substance, a, b, show irregular masses of myelin. 

Fig. 5. Frog's nerve, after osmic acid; X 450. a, exhibits the segmented 
medullary sheath; b, reticulated appearance, depending upon minute vacuoles 
being present; these appearances are, probably, artificial productions. 

Fig. 6. The same after silver staining; X 450. The solution penetrated 
at I to the axis-cylinder; this, with the stained transverse line, forms a cross. 

Fig. 7. Diagram of non- meduUated nerves, a, c, present varicosities; b, with 
numerous nuclei. 

Fig. 8. Diagram illustrating the termination of meduUated nerves, a. an 
ordmary meduUated fibre, dividing into the smaller branches, b: at the suc- 
ceeding bifurcation, the medullary sheath ceases, the fibres continuing as 
non-medullated, c: during such course, the neurilemma becomes attenuated 
until it disappears, and the axis-cylinder is clothed but with occasional 
nuclei. These become fewer, and the axis-cylinder thinner, until, finally, 
the latter is prolonged as a delicate, naked axis-cylinder, which presents 
frequently minute varicosities. Uniting with adjacent threads, they form the 
terminal plexus, in which so frequently the peripheral nerves have endings. 



SYNOPSIS OF HISTOLOGY:- PIERSOL. 



Plate XIII. 



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NERVE FIBRES. 



PLATE XIV. 



NERVE AND ARTERY. 



Photo- Micrographs. 



Fig. I. Transverse section of a large nerve, ox; X 20. Haematoxylin 
staining. A number of funiculi, of varying diameter, seen in section; the 
cut ends of the nerve fibres appear as minute cells. The funiculi are loosely 
held together by the surrounding connective-tissue — the epi-neurium; each 
funiculus is enclosed in its proper sheath — the peri-neurhwi, while the nerve 
fibres are separated into secondary bundles, and held together, by the del- 
icate endo-netirium, Blood-vessels, lymphatics, and fat abound in epineurium. 

Fig. 2. Artery from the skin, frog; X 180. The vessels have been injected 
with silver solution, thereby staining the cement-substance, and outlining 
the endothelial plates of the intima. 



SYNOPSIS OF HISTOLOGY:- PIERSOL. 



Plate XIV. 




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NERVE AND ARTERY. 

Photo- Micrographs. 



PLATK XV, 



BLOOD VESSELS. 



Fig. I. Transverse section of a medium sized artery, sheep; X 250. Haem- 
atoxylin. a, intima, the endothelium resting almost directly upon /, the cor- 
rugated internal elastic membrane, b, media, the muscle nuclei, m, distinctly 
seen; among these are the wavy bands, s, of elastic tissue, c, the fibro-elastic^ 
adventitia, separated from the media by the external elastic layer. 

Fig. 2. Transverse section of a corresponding vein; X 250. Hsematoxylin. 
The letters refer to the same parts as in the preceding figure. 

Fig. 3. Small vessels from the submucosa, rabbit; X 225. Carmine, a, the 
artery; b, the vein, having thinner walls, and being occupied by a blood 
clot, in which several deeply stained leucocytes are seen. 

Fig. 4. Small vessels from the omentum, rabbit; X 230. Hsematoxylin 
and silver, a, the artery; b, the vein. In both, the lining endothelium is 
brought to view, as are, also, the outlines of numerous muscle cells. 

Fig. 5. Arteriole from the pia mater, man; X 300. Hgematoxylin. While 
three coats are still present, they are reduced greatly in thic-kn^s^, the 
muscular tunic, b, being represented by a single layer of cells. 

Fig. 6. A similar vessel about to become a capillary. The muscle cells 
are grouped on alternate sides. 

Fig. 7. Capillaries from the omentum, rabbit; X 300. Silver staining. 
The wall is here composed of the endothelial plates, the remaining coats 
having completely disappeared. 



SYNOPSIS OF HISTOLOGY:- PIERSOL. 



PLATE XV. 



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BLOOD VESSELS. 



PLATE XVI. 



ADULT AND EMBRYONAL TEETH, 



Photo- Micrographs. 

Fig. I. Section of jaw, cat; X i8. The central incisors shown fitted into 
their alveoli, and covered by the, here dark, periosteum. The pulp cavity 
is not seen. Each tooth is crowned by a capping of enamel. A very thin 
layer of cement invests the lower part of the fang. 

Fig. 2. Section of jaw, kitten; X 25. Carmine staining. A milk-tooth is 
seen in oblique section, at the side of which, is the dental sac of a developing 
permanent tooth. The irregularly conical dental papilla is embraced by 
the tissues of the enamel organ. 



SYNOPSIS OF HISTOLOGY;- PIERSOL. 



Plate XVI. 





ADULT AND EMBRYONAL TEETH. 

Photo- Micrographs. 



PLATK XVII. 



DEVELOPING TOOTH, AND TONGUE. 



Photo- Micrographs. 



Fig. I. Section of jaw, kitten; X 70. Carmine staining. The field almost 
entirely occupied by the more highly magnified dental sac of the preceding 
figure. The sac is bounded by the wall derived from the surrounding con- 
nective-tissue, as is also the dental papilla. The latter protrudes towards 
the centre of the sac, covered by a layer of columnar cells — the odontoblasts. 
At the apex of the papilla, these cells are forming the dentine, covering 
the extreme summit of which, a thin layer of enamel is being deposited. 
The surface of the enamel cap, next to the papilla, possesses columnar cells; 
externally, is the extended mass of the honey-combed tissue of the middle 
layer, bounded by the epithelium of the outer. 

Fig. 2. Transverse section of tongue, cat; X 20. Double staining. The 
mucosa thrown into prominent folds covered by squamous epithelium — the 
papillcB. Of these, two forms are seen — the simple conical, and the com- 
pound or fungiform. The muscles are shown, cut in two directions. 



SYNOPSIS OF HISTOLOGY:- PIERSOL. 



Plate XVII. 




imi" \-'' lip,. 




^"^^ 



DEVELOPING TOOTH, AND TONGUE. 

Photo- Micrographs. 



PLATK XVIII 



CESOPHAGUS AND THYROID BODY. 



Photo- Micrographs. 



Fig. I. Section of the oesophagus, child; X 15. Carmine staining. The 
mucous membrane is thrown into longitudinal folds when relaxed, which 
are here cut transversely, the free surface being covered with a stratified 
squamous epithelium. Beneath the mucosa, is the loose connective-tissue 
of the submucosa, here seen to contain numerous blood-vessels. The layers 
of the muscular tunic are but imperfectly exhibited. 

Fig. 2. Transverse section of the thyroid body, man; X 65. Carmine 
staining. A number of alveoli are laid open; these vary in size, and in the 
quantity of their contents, the latter being, usually, a yellowish, viscid, al- 
buminous mass. The alveoli are lined by low columnar epithelium, and 
are separated and surrounded by a stroma of connective-tissue. 



SYNOPSIS OF HISTOLOGY:- PIERSOL. 



Plate XVIII. 










"^''^^. 




k0§U^"^. 



'^^s 










\^\} 






CESOPHAGUS AND THYROID BODY. 

Photo- Micrographs. 



PLATE XIX 



THE STOMACH. 



Fig. I. Section of the stomach, central region, man; X 20. Carmine. 
a, mucosa, containing the simple tubular, peptic glands, b, muscularis mucosce, 
the delicate layer of involuntary muscle, c, sub7?nccosa, in which are found 
the larger blood-vessels, nerves, and lymphatics, d, e, niuscidar tunic — the 
former extending transversely, the latter longitudinally; the imperfect ob- 
lique layer is absent. Covering the free surface, is the serous coat. 

Fig. 2. Section of the same, near the pyloric extremity; X 20. Carmine. 
The mucosa is thrown into folds, and contains the compound tubular, pyloric 
glands. The reference letters correspond to those preceding. 

Fig. 3. Peptic glands, central region, dog; X 160. Carmine, a, the d7ict, 
lined with the slightly modified columnar cells of the adjacent mucous- 
membrane, b, the fundus, the wavy glands being cut in different planes, c. 
the tissue of the muscularis mucosae. 

Fig. 4. Pyloric gland, dog; X 160. Haematoxylin. The duct is propor- 
tionately longer, and divides, at the neck, into the wavy extremities. 

Fig. 5. The terminations of several peptic glands, dog; X 250. Double 
staining. The cells are of two kinds — the ordinary glandular epithelium, or 
cJiief cells, and those deeply stained, situated peripherally, W^^ parietal cells. 



SYNOPSIS OF HISTOLOGY:- PIERSOU. 



PLATE XIX. 



■ <^. 




a -r. 



THE STOMACH. 



PLATE XX. 
THE STOMACH AND GLANDS. 



Fig. I. Horizontal section of the mucous membrane of the stomach, dog; 
X i6o. Carmine. The section has passed in the plane of the ducts, a, of the 
glands, a number of which, varying in size, are seen, b, the surrounding 
connective-tissue of the mucous membrane. 

Fig. 2. Similar section, passing through the plane of the extremities of 
the same glands, a, the tubular glands arranged in groups, separated from 
neighboring groups by b, the connective-tissue septa. ^, adenoid tissue. 

Fig. 3. Section of the pancreas, dog; X 200. Haematoxylin. The some- 
what tubular acini or alveoli cut in various directions, lined with secreting 
cells, a, and limited by the basement membrane, b, duct in section, with 
columnar epithelium, r, inter-alveolar cormective-tissue. d, one of the masses 
of the peculiar inter- alveolar cells. 

Fig. 4. Section of the submaxillary gland, rabbit; X 200. Haematoxylin. 
a, sections of the acini, of which this racemose gland is composed, lined 
with the secreting cells, b, a branching duct, with striated columnar epi- 
thelium, r, the supporting connective-tissue. 



SYNOPSIS OF HISTOLOGY;- PIERSOL. 



Plate XX. 




/^^ 







-7^^^v^^ 



f^-^ 



THE STOMACH AND GLANDS. 



PLATE XXI. 



STOMACH AND INTESTINE. 



Photo- Micrographs. 



Fig. I. Section of injected stomach, cat; X i5- The longitudinal folds 
of the mucous membrane here seen in transverse section. The vascular 
supply of the mucosa beautifully injected, appearing as networks of dark 
lines; the larger branches are seen in the submucosa. 

Fig. 2. Transverse section of the small intestine, kitten; X 20. The coats 
of the intestinal wall are shown, with a partial injection of the blood 
vessels. The long, delicate forms of the villi are to be noted. 



SYNOPSIS OF HISTOLOGY;- PIERSOL. 



Plate XXI. 



>**•' 



y 









-■~\ s^ 












Y^ 



\;« 



4^ -{ 



.■I. 



.^:v«%,,^ 



vi 



^1,7 ''^ li/C, 









^|«:* ; vW 






STOMACH AND INTESTINE. 

Photo- Micrographs. 



PLATE XXII 



THE INTESTINES. 



Fig. I. Transverse section of the small intestine, cat; 35. Carmine, a, 
mucosa, comprising z', the villi, and g, the simple tubular glands — follicles 
of Lieberkiihn. d, submucosa, separated from the mucosa by the delicate 
7?iuscularis mucosce. c-d, muscularis — composed of the inner, circular, and 
the outer, longitudinal fibres, h, ganglion cells of the plexus of Auerbach. 

Fig. 2. Transverse section of the large intestine, cat; x 35. Carmine. 
The tubular glands of the mucosa are distinguished by the large number 
of '^goblet cells.'' The letters refer as in preceding figure. 

Fig. 3. Horizontal section of the mucosa of small intestine, kitten; X 200. 
Osmic acid. The section has passed through the villi at their bases; by 
mutual pressure their exteriors have become polygonal, a, the columnar 
epithelium, with striated border, c, goblet cells, b, core of the villi, com- 
posed of adenoid tissue, supporting the central lacteal and blood-vessels, 
and separated from the epithelium by the delicate basement membrane. 

Fig. 4. Surface view of the epithelium of a villus, kitten; X 200. Carmine. 
The columnar cells seen end-wise appear ^s small polygonal areas, b, end- 
view of goblet cells. 

Fig. 5. Longitudinal section of a villus, kitten; X 200. Carmine, a, the 
columnar epithelium, with striated border, b, the core. 

Fig. 6. Large intestine, man; X 35- Carmine. At d, a mass of adenoid 
tissue — solitary glaud — is seen, occupying the submucosa, and encroaching 
upon the mucosa; frequently, such structures project into the tube. 



SYNOPSIS OF HISTOLOGY:- PIERSOL. 



Plate XXII. 



i ! 



I 




111 ' 



. J^jJs*^ 







THE INTESTINES. 



PLATK XXIII. 



THE LIVER. 



Fig. I. Section of the liver, parallel to the surface, pig; X 28. Carmine. 
a, hepatic vein — intra-lobiilar vessel, b, one of the inter-lobular vessels, em- 
bedded in the, here generously developed, inter-lobular connective-tissue. 

Fig. 2. Diagram of a hepatic lobule, a, hepatic vein; b, portal vein, the 
two communicating by the radiating capillary network, in whose meshes 
are situated the liver-cells. The tract y shows but the vascular network. 
X, that formed by the cords of cells, the vessels being the clefts, z, where 
both vessels and cells are seen in their mutual relations. 

Figs. 3, 6. Sections of the liver, man; X i75- Carmine. Fig. 6 cut parallel; 
Fig. 3, vertical to the surface of the organ. ^, sections of the vessels of the 
capillary network, b, a larger branch of the portal vein, surrounded by the 
inter-lobular connective-tissue. 

Fig. 5. Exhibits the mode of origin of the bile-diicts at the periphery of 
a lobule. Semi-diagramatic. a, the duct, formed by the union of b-c, the 
inter-cellular clefts. 

Fig. 7. Illustrating the relation between the cells and the bile-caualiciili. 
Semi-diagramatic. a, the blood-vessels, b, the hepatic cells, surrounded 
by c, the close network of biliary canaliculi. 



SYNOPSIS OF HISTOLOGY:- PIERSOL. 



Plate XXlll 




^V. Cl T. J . C 



THE LIVER. 



PLATE XXIV, 



DIAGRAM OF THE KIDNEY. 



Fig. I. The distribution of the vascular supply, with the course of the 
uriniferous tubules shown. C, Cortex; B, Boundary layer; F, Papillary 
zone — the last two together forming the Medulla, a, artery breaking into 
two sets of vessels — those running towards the periphery, and those pass- 
ing into the medulla, b, corresponding vein, g, the terminal masses of 
convoluted capillary loops — the Malpighia?i tufts or glomeruli. /', venous 
network, d, vessels surrounding the papillary ducts, m, Malpighian body 
or corpuscle — composed of vascular tuft and enveloping capsule. The latter, 
capsule of Bowman, is the dilated blind-extremity of a uriniferous tubule, 
whose tortuous course — with many changes in caliber and in the character 
of the lining epithelium — is, briefly, as follows: i, dilated capsule, enclos- 
ing the tuft, and presenting a constricted neck; 2, proximal convoluted tube; 
3, spiral portion; 4-8, descending and ascending limbs of the loop of Henle; 
9, irregular portion; 10, distal convoluted tube; 11, arched collecting tube; 
12, straight collecting tube; by the union of such tubes, the large papillary 
duct, 14, is formed, opening, at 15, upon the free surface of a papilla. 

Fig. 2. Diagram of a Malpighian body, a, afferent vessel, breaking-u]j 
into the convoluted loops, and passing out as e, the efferent vessel, c, the 
capsule, d, the flat, endothelioid epithelium covering the tuft, and lining the 
capsule, being continuous with the epithelium of the tubule; the lower 
half of the capsule presents these cells in surface-view. 

Figs. 3-6. Exhibiting, respectively, the " rod," flat, and columnar cells 
lining different parts of the tubules — all parts, from the neck to the arched 
collecting tube, possess the striated columnar or rod epithelium, the descend- 
ing limb of Henle's loop excepted; the latter is lined by delicate flat cells: 
the collecting tubes retain their columnar epithelium throughout. 



SYNOPSIS OF HISTOLOGY:- PIERSOL. 



Plate XXIV. 




-^■ff^^j^i. 



DIAGRAM OF THE KIDNEY. 



PLATK XXV. 
THE KIDNEY. 



Fig. I. Radial section of the kidney, rabbit; X i6o. Hsematoxylin. 
(All figures of this plate are from sections of one kidney, stained alike, 
and magnified the same.) The left portion of the figure is the labyrinth; 
the remainder is part of a medullary ray. a, Malpighian tuft, surrounded 
by its capsule; the cells lining the latter are seen in profile, b, convoluted 
tubules cut in various directions. /, section of irregular portion. ;;?, spiral 
tubes. ;/, straight collecting tubes, o, ascending limb of Henle's loop. 

Fig. 2. Portion of the papillary zone qf the same section. <2, collecting 
tubes, b, blood-vessels, c, inter-tubular connective-tissue. 

Fig. 3. Horizontal section of 'the same. 

Fig. 4. Tangential section, a, Malpighian bodies, b, surrounding tubules 
cut in various directions; the tubes in the centre belong to a medullary 
ray, seen in transverse section. 

Fig. 5. Section through the base of a papilla, a, large ducts, lined with 
the beautiful columnar cells, b, blood-vessels, c, connective-tissue. 



SYNOPSIS OF HISTOLOGY:- PIERSOL. 



Plate XXV. 







v','^' 



V.i /v/M-^'' 












THE KIDNEY. 



PLATE XXVI. 



KIDNEY AND PROSTATE GLAND. 



Photo- Micrographs. 



Fig. I. Radial section of injected kidney, cat; X 15 • Carmine-gelatine 
mass. Cortex and the greater part of medulla in the field. On either side, 
the circular openings are the canals, through which the principal vessels 
gain entrance. Throughout the cortex, the Malpighian tufts appear as the 
dark spots, surrounded by the convoluted tubules of the labyrinth. 

Fig. 2. Section of the prostate gland, monkey; X 65. Carmine staining. 
Numerous tubular alveoli, lined by columnar cells, cut in various directions. 
The surrounding stroma is composed largely of involuntary muscle. 



SYNOPSIS OF HISTOLOGY:- PIEBSOU. 



Plate XXVI. 



>- * \ 



iv'rf -y 




■^^flv\v"«** 



X 



w 



*<»'>teS;s;'/'2i- »Ss^#r-jw •■ 




J^: 



KIDNEY AND PROSTATE GLAND. 

Photo-Micrographs. 



PLATE XXVII, 



MALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS. 



Fig. I. Section of the testicle, dog; X 40. Carmine, a, section of the 
fibrous capsule — tunica albuginea. b, the seminiferous tubules, cut in varying 
directions, and lined with the epithelial cells, whose deeply stained nuclei 
are nearly all engaged in some stage of division. 

Fig. 2. Section of the epididymis, dog; X 40. Carmine, a, sections of 
the tube, lined with ciliated columnar cells, b, masses of spermatozoa. 

Fig. 3. Transverse section of a seminiferous tubule, musk-rat; X 270. 
Haematoxylin. The layers next to the basement membrane contain many 
cells in active division, whose prominent nuclei exhibit different stages of 
karyokinesis. b, groups of the developing spermatozoa — the heads being 
derived from the nuclei of the spermatoblasts; the tails being from the 
protoplasm of these cells. 

Fig. 4. Section of the penis, child, X 15- Carmine, a, urethra, lined 
with columnar epithelium, and surrounded by the cavernous tissue of the 
corpus spongiosujn. b, skin, d, reflections of the- mucous membrane. 

Fig. 5. Spermatozoa, man; X 800. a, front view; b, profile. 



SYNOPSIS OF HISTOLOGY:- PIERSOL. 



Plate XXVII. 




MALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS. 



PLATE XXVIII. 



FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS. 



Fig. I. Section of the ovary, child; X 165. Carmine, a, the layer of the 
germinal epithelium covering the free surface, b^ zone of condensed stroma 
without ova — the tunica albiiginea; r, the stroma of the ror/<f^ composed of 
the abundant spindle cells with prominent nuclei, d, the connective-tissue. 
V, blood-vessels in section. 0, Graafian follicles, in course of development. 

Fig. 2. A Graafian follicle from the same preparation; X 170. The 
increased dimensions of the follicle are due to development, not to higher 
amplification, a, theca or limiting membrane, covered with the cells of the 
incnibvana granulosa, b, coagulated, granular mass, probably derived from 
the liquor folliculi. d, the ovum. 

Fig. 3. Section of the uterus, woman; X 35- Carmine. Numerous bundles 
of involuntary muscle cut in various directions; the nuclei are deeply 
stained, a, artery, v, venous inter-fascicular blood-channels. 

Fig. 4. Transverse section of the Fallopian tube, child; X 35- Carmine. 
The mucous membrane is rich in longitudinal folds, which are here cut 
transversely, producing the apparent elaborate papillary structures, a, 
which encroach upon the lumen of the tube. The mucous membrane is 
invested with ciliated columnar cells. 



SYNOPSIS OF HISTOLOGY:- PIERSOL. 



PLATE XXVIII. 








' ^ ' , '7, ■ i ', In '-./ 




V. \ 



^ ^-', 






FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS. 



PLATB XXIX 



FEMALE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 



Photo-Micrographs. 



Fig. I. Transverse section of ovary, cat; X 70. Beneath the surface of 
the organ, a zone rich in ova is seen. One of the Graafian foUicles has 
advanced well towards maturity, showing the ovum held in position by a 
fork of coagulated liquor folliculi. The ovum is surrounded by the cells of 
the discus proligerus. A few injected vessels appear as dark lines. 

Fig. 2. Section of ovary, cat; X 225. A well developed Graafian follicle 
occupies nearly the entire field. The limiting membrana propria is lined by 
a mass of cells, the membrana granulosa. The ovum itself, surrounded by 
the discus proligerus, displays a distinct cell-wall — zona pellucida, nucleus — 
germinal vesicle, and nucleolus — germinal spot. The liquor follicitli occM'^'ies the 
space between the membrana granulosa and the discus proligerus. 



SYNOPSIS OF HISTOLOGY-.- PIERSOL. 



Plate XXIX. 




'< 





PLATE XXX 



THE SPINAL CORD. 



Fig. I. Transverse section of the spinal cord, cat; X i5- Carmine. u>, 
white matter; g, gray matter — ah, ph, respectively, anterior and posterior 
hor?is of the same, b, anterior median fissure; c, posterior median fissure. 
a the anterior, p the posterior roots of the spinal nerves, x, central canal. 

Fig. 2. Section of portion of the anterior horn of gray matter, calf; X loo. 
Haematoxylin. tu, white matter, composed largely of nerve-fibres supported 
by neuroglia; the fibres appear in section as small nucleated cells, ar, 
bundles of nerve-fibres of the anterior roots, arising from the gray matter. 
Many deeply stained axis-cylinders are seen throughout the section. The 
large multipolar ganglion cells — lying within lymph-spaces — are rendered 
conspicuous by their processes, v, blood-vessels. 

Fig. 3. Longitudinal section of the same cord; X 100. Haematoxylin. 
tv, white, g, gray matter; nerve-fibres, together with the nerve-cells, seen 
in longitudinal section. 

Fig. 4. Columnar epithelial cells lining the central canal, calf; X 170. 
Haematoxylin. a, free-ends — ciliated in very young animals; h, modified 
neuroglia, into which the cells, apparently, send processes. 

Fig. 5. Portion of the white matter; X 170. Carmine, a, nerve-fibres 
in section; b, supporting neuroglia, containing minute stellate cells. 



SYNOPSIS OF HISTOLOGY:- PIERSOL. 



Plate XXX. 



c 



I^. 



. u 





.a.-r.^^L. 



THE SPINAL CORD. 



PLATK XXXI. 



THE BRAIN. 



Fig. I. Section of the gray matter of the cerebral cortex, man; X 150. 
Carmine. The figure represents Meynert's third layer — rich in pyramidal 
nerve-cells, b, lying within minute lymph-spaces, a, supporting neuroglia. 
c, small nerve-cells. ??, sections of bundles of nerve-fibres, v, blood-vessels, 
surrounded by their perivascular sheaths. 

Fig. 2. Section of pons Varolii, man; X 150- Carmine, a, neuroglia. 
b, d, large and small nerve-cells, n, tracts of nerve-fibres. 

Fig. 3. Section of cerebellum, man; X 150- Hsematoxylin. a, outer layer, 
composed of numerous branching processes of the ganglion cells, small 
cells, blood-vessels, and neuroglia, b, granule layer, containing closely 
placed nuclei, surrounded by a very meager amount of protoplasm. On 
the external border of the granule layer are distributed the corpuscles of 
Furkinji, p, with richly branched, antler-like processes. 

Fig. 4. Section of injected cerebellum, man; X 35- Carmine-gelatine. 
a, b, outer and granule layers; c, white matter. 



SYNOPSIS OF HISTOLOGY:- PIERSOL. 



Plate XXXI. 



^T^^^ 



"'l 






le. 71/ 



Ik- 



' i< i A'™ J' .« Vi ' 




«<. 



t . 



• ''% ^ 



/ 



#* / 



'// . 



J' ■> 



i/ 



iTc^ 



"'f ..]•' f 



//) o 



4' I: 



w^^^ 







e ^ 



^^a.or. j>cz. 



THE BRAIN:- Cerebrum and Cerebellum. 



PLATE XXXII. 



BRAIN:- CEREBELLUM. 



Photo-Micrograph. 

Fig. I. Transverse section of cerebellum, man; X 20. Several secondary 
laminae shown in section; in these, the three layers are very evident. 
Next to the branching, white medullary centre^ lies the well marked, and 
deeply stained, granule layer; external to this, extends the outer layer. 
Between these layers, an imperfect zone of large ganglionic cells — corpuscles 
of Purkinje — will be seen on close examination. 



SYNOPSIS OF HISTOLOGY:- PIERSOL. 



Plate XXXII. 






THE BRAIN:- Cerebellum. 

Photo-Micrograph. 



PLATE XXXIII. 



LYMPHATIC TISSUES AND VESSELS. 



Fig. I. Lymph-clefts between the connective-tissue bundles, skin of dog; 
X 200. Haematoxylin. a, spaces imperfectly lined with endothelioid cells. 

Fig. 2. Diffuse lymphatic or adenoid tissue, mucosa of dog's stomach; 
X 160. Carmine, a, extremities of the peptic glands. 

Fig. 3. Circumscribed nodule of adenoid tissue, dog; X 70. Carmine. 

Fig. 4. Perivascular lymphatic vessel, mesentery of frog; X 50. Silver. 
a, the capillary surrounded by the ensheathing lymphatic. 

Fig. 5. Section of a lymphatic gland, rabbit; X 35- Haematoxylin. a, 
capsule, sending off trabeculce. b, dividing the cortex into incomplete com- 
partments. These are occupied by a central mass of dense adenoid tissue — 
cortical follicles, separated from the capsule and its processes by spaces 
containing a much looser tissue — lymph sinuses, through which the lymph 
circulates. In the medulla, the cortical follicles are continued as the an- 
astomosing 7iiedulla}'y cylinders. 

Fig. 6. Adenoid tissue, from the preceding gland; X 200. Composed 
of two elements: the delicate reticulum of connective-tissue, b, with the 
occasional stellate cells, a, and the lymphoid cells, d, lying within the 
meshes of the former. 

Fig. 7. Lymphatic vessels, diaphragm of rabbit; X 35- Silver, a, vessel 
dividing into smaller branches, and exhibiting a valve in profile. The lining 
cells are distinctly seen, b, adjacent tissue, with the lymph-channels. 

Fig. 8. Lymphatic tract, surrounding larger corneal nerves, kitten; X 
a, lymphatic, imperfectly lined with endothelial cells; b, spaces of the 
surrounding tissue, communicating, at c, with the lymphatic channel. 



SYNOPSIS OF HISTOLOGY:- PIERSOL. 



Plate XXXIII. 








LYMPHATIC TISSUES AND VESSELS. 



PLATK XXXIV 



LYMPHATIC GLANDS. 



Fig. I. Section of the spleen, rabbit; X 80. Haematoxylin. a, fibro- 
muscular capsule, sending off the trabeculce, b, towards the' interior. ;;/, a 
branch of the splenic artery ensheathed in a dense mass of adenoid tissue — 
forming a Malpighian corpuscle, v, blood-vessel. 

Fig. 2. Section of the thymus gland, man; X 80. Carmine, a, portions 
of three adjacent lobules of adenoid tissue; b, inter-lobular tissue. 

Fig. 3. The medulla of a lymphatic gland, rabbit; X 80. Haematoxylin. 
a, fragment of a septum, b, medullary cords of the denser adenoid tissue. 
c, the parts occupied by looser structure. 

Fig. 4. Section of the suprarenal body, man; X 80. Carmine. Only a 
portion of the cortex is included in the figure, a, capsule, b, sections of the 
columnar masses of cells, limited by the septa of connective-tissue. 



SYNOPSIS OF HISTOLOGY:- PIERSOU. 



Plate XXXIV. 




■h - li 



/> • 'V* ♦;*.. . -,, • f e "yV? • * * • 







^^VTTTT 



LYMPHATIC GLANDS AND SUPRARENAL BODY. 



PLATK XXXV. 



THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS. 



Fig. I. Section of the trachea, child; X 65. Hsematoxylin. a, stratified 
ciliated columnar epithelium, resting upon, b, the basement membrane, c, 
the fibro-elastic tissue of the mucous membrane, d, the loose submucosa, 
containing g, the glands, e, the cartilaginous ring. 

Fig. 2. Section of injected lung, cat; X 20. Carmine-gelatine. After in- 
jection the organ has been inflated. 

Fig. 3. Section of lung, dog; X 65. Carmine, a, section of a terminal 
infundtbulitm. b, a small bronchial tube, c, air-vesicles, partially collapsed. 

Fig. 4. Section of lung, kitten; X 170. Silver and hsematoxylin. ^, small 
quadrate cells of the infundibulum. b, inter-vesicular septum, h, the flat 
epithelial cells, lining the air-vesicles, the outlines of the cells being in- 
dicated by the silver stained cement-substance, s, stigmata. ;;, smaller 
granular cells — the representatives of those of the infundibulum. 



SYNOPSIS OF HISTOLOGY:- PIERSOL. 



PLATE XXXV. 
















^ (I .'f' / 



THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS. 



PLATE XXXVI. 



LUNG AND SCALP. 



Photo- Micrographs. 

Fig. I. Section of injected and inflated lung, cat; X 35. Vessels have 
been filled with carmine-gelatine mass, and exhibit the inter-vesicular 
capillary networks, as well as some larger branches. 

Fig. 2. Section of the scalp, child; X 35- Several hair-follicles laid 
open, displaying the hair-bulbs, with the hairs encased in the root-sheaths. 



SYNOPSIS OF HISTOLOGY:- PIERSOL. 



Plate XXXVI. 







A 



LUNG AND SCALP. 

Photo- M icrographs. 



PLATE XXXVII, 



SKIN AND SCALP. 



Fig. I. Section of the skin, finger of child; X 40- Carmine. a,b,c, are, 
respectively, stratum co7'?7eu7?i, stratum lucidum, and stratum mucoswn or 
Malpighii of the epideri7iis, d, felt-work of the corium or true skin, fading 
into the subjacent subcutaneous tissue, e, nests of fat-cells, g, sweat gland, 
opening on the surface by the spiral duct. /, subcutaneous lymph-clefts. 

Fig. 2. .Section of the scalp, child; X 45- Carmine, a, epithelium, b, 
matrix of the scalp. /?, hair-shaft. <r, hair-bulb, i, o, inner and outer root- 
sheaths. /, fibrous envelope of the hair-follicle, m, arrector pili muscle, i, 
sebaceous gland. 

Fig. 3. Horizontal section of the scalp, man; X 75- Carmine. Sections 
of three hair-follicles are shown, h, hair-shaft, surrounded by / and 0, the 
inner and outer root-sheaths, shrunken from the wall of the follicle, s, a 
sebaceous gland in section, b, subcutaneous tissue, s, blood-vessel. 

Fig. 4. Semi-diagramatic view of a hair-follicle in transverse section. 
in, h, medulla aad periphery of the hair, c, cuticle of root-sheath, a, b, 
layers of Huxley and of Henle of the inner root-sheath. 0, the outer root- 
sheath, g, hyaline or glassy membrane. /, fibrous coat of the follicle. 



SYNOPSIS OF HISTOLOGY:- PIERSOL. 



Plate XXXVII. 




^' 





Aa.^.^.z. 



SKIN AND SCALP. 



PLATE XXXVIII 



EYELID AND CORNEAL SPACES. 



Photo- Micrographs. 



Fig. I. Section of the upper eyelid, child; X 20. Carmine staining. The 
deeply colored, corrugated skin seen on the left of the figure. Within the 
subcutaneous tissue, the fibres of the orbicularis muscle, cut transversely, 
appear as dark, irregular areas. Near the conjunctival surface, on the right, 
are many alveoli of the Meido7?tian glands, with their duct opening upon the 
free margin of the lid. These glands lie embedded in the compact fibrous 
tissue, known as the tarsal cartilage. Oblique sections of cilia also are seen. 

Fig. 2. Separated lamella of the cornea, calf; X 200. Stained by inter- 
stitial injection of silver solution. The dark-bordered stellate figures, with 
long, anastomosing processes, are the positive pictures of the corneal spaces. 
Compare with Fig. 2, Plate VI, which is the corresponding negative. 



SYNOPSIS OF HISTOLOGY:- PIERSOL. 



Plate XXXVIII, 





-• '^ , . ■ -- 



EYELID AND CORNEAL SPACES. 

Photo- Micrographs. 



PLATE XXXIX 



THE EYE:- OPTIC NERVE. 



Photo- Micrographs. 



Fig. I. Horizontal section through the posterior segment of the eye, man; 
X 17. Carmine staining. The section has passed through the optic nerve 
entrance almost centrally. The nerve seen piercing the sclerotic and choroid 
coats, and expanding, on either side, into the retina. The latter is some- 
what displaced by manipulation. Sections of the vessels of the disk in the 
centre. Bridging across the nerve, at the point of greatest constriction, the 
scleral fibres form a felt-work — lamina cribrosa — where the medullary sheath 
of the nerve fibres usually is arrested. At a similar level, terminate, also, 
the lymph-spaces, which accompany the nerve from the brain. It will be 
seen, that the pigment layer of retina continues farther towards the nerve 
than do its companions. A displaced shred of this tissue lies across the 
retina, on the right side, apjjearing as a dark line. 

Fig. 2. Transverse section of the optic nerve, horse; X 13- Hematoxylin 
staining. The nerve is divided into numerous bundles by the reticulum of 
connective-tissue, which penetrates among the fibres. The sheaths and 
lymph-spaces, seen surrounding the nerve, are extensions of the membranes 
and corresponding spaces of the brain. 



SYNOPSIS OF HISTOLOGY:- PIERSOL. 



Plate XXXIX, 



«v 




•H , V^vA 



^'. 











An* 



^^^ 




THE EYE:- Optic Nerve. 

Photo- Micrographs. 



PLATK XL. 



THE EYE. 



Photo- Micrographs. 

Fig. I. Section of the cornea, man; X 45- Osmic acid. The upper 
surface is covered by the aiiterior epithelium, here dark, under which is 
the anterior elastic membrone. The substance proper of the cornea is com- 
posed of interlacing bundles of fibrous tissue, in the clefts of which lie 
the corneal corpuscles. The lower surface is clothed with the endothelium, 
resting against the well defined hyaline membrane of Descemet. 

Fig. 2. Corneal corpuscles, rabbit; X 250. Gold preparation. A few 
of the stellate anastomosing cells of a single plane are seen; by their del- 
icate processes they form a rich network. 

Fig. 3. Region of the junction of the cornea, sclera, and iris, man; v, 
45. Osmic acid. Owing to the forward displacement of the iris, the fibres 
of the pectinate ligament are thrown into loose folds. The irregular chan- 
nel above is the canal of Schlemm. 

Fig. 4. Fibres of the crystalline lens, rabbit; X 490. Carmine. The 
compressed hexagonal figures occupying the field are the fibres in section. 

Fig. 5. Section of the retina, calf; X 145. Haematoxylin. All the layers 
of the retina are present, the external layer of piginent excepted. Next to 
the lower edge, the radiating fibres of Miiller are seen; these, by the ap- 
position of their expanded bases, produce the internal limiting inembrane. 
From below up — from within out, may be recognized Xh^ fibre layer, ganglion 
cells, internal grannlir, internal nuclear, external granular, external nuclear, 
external limiting membrane, and the rods and cones. 



SYNOPSIS OF HISTOLOGY:- PIERSOL. 



Plate XL. 



s. 




d-. 



u 







Rr 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 




005 514 792 9 



